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NDT Advance Access published online on January 22, 2009
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn757
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org


Indoxyl sulphate induces oxidative stress and the expression of osteoblast-specific proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells

Gulinuer Muteliefu1, Atsushi Enomoto2,3, Ping Jiang3, Masahide Takahashi3 and Toshimitsu Niwa1

1 Department of Clinical Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital 2 Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University 3 Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Toshimitsu Niwa, Department of Clinical Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan. Tel: +81-52-744-1980; Fax: +81-52-744-1954; E-mail: tniwa{at}med.nagoya-u.ac.jp



  Abstract

Background. Previously, we demonstrated that indoxyl sulphate (IS), a uraemic toxin, induced aortic calcification in hypertensive rats. This study aimed to determine if IS induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of osteoblast-specific proteins in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs).

Methods. In order to achieve these goals, HASMCs were incubated with IS. ROS were detected using probes with a fluorescence detector. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin and organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT3) was studied by western blotting. The expression of core binding factor 1 (Cbfa1), ALP, osteopontin and NADPH oxidases (Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4) was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Knockdown of Nox4 was performed by RNA interference (RNAi).

Results. IS induced ROS generation and the expression of Nox4, Cbfa1, ALP and osteopontin in HASMCs. A NADPH oxidase inhibitor and antioxidants inhibited IS-induced ROS production and mRNA expression of Cbfa1 and ALP. Knockdown of Nox4 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited IS-induced ROS production and mRNA expression of Cbfa1, ALP and osteopontin. OAT3 was expressed in HASMCs.

Conclusions. IS induces ROS generation by upregulating Nox4, and the expression of osteoblast-specific proteins such as Cbfa1, ALP and osteopontin in HASMCs.

Keywords: indoxyl sulphate; NADPH oxidase Nox4; osteoblast-specific proteins; reactive oxygen species; vascular smooth muscle cells

Received for publication: 21. 8.08
Accepted in revised form: 17.12.08


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