NDT Advance Access published online on June 7, 2007
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm352
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Trace element removal during in vitro and in vivo continuous haemodialysis
1Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,3Senior Scientist Hartford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant, Richland, WA, USA from the Renal Replacement Therapy Kinetics Study Group
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Mariann D. Churchwell, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy, 2801 W. Bancroft MS 609, Toledo, OH 43606, USA Email: mariann.churchwell{at}utoledo.edu
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Abstract |
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Background. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) increasingly is being used to treat critically ill patients with renal disease. CRRT removes waste products but also nutrients. Our understanding of trace element CRRT clearance has been limited by poor assay sensitivity. The development of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) allows for the measurement of CRRT trace element removal.
Methods. Continuous venovenous haemodialysis (CVVHD) transmembrane clearances of trace elements and urea were assessed using a bovine blood-based in vitro model using two different haemodialyser types. These findings were validated in 10 critically ill adult patients receiving continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Calculated daily trace element loss was compared with a typical dose of daily trace element supplementation.
Results. The mean ± SD in vitro CVVHD transmembrane clearances (ml/min) for the polysulfone haemodialyser were chromium 0.97 ± 0.23, copper 0.47 ± 0.18, manganese 4.6 ± 3.6, selenium 1.2 ± 0.63 and zinc 2.3 ± 0.32 and for the cellulose diacetate haemodialyser chromium 1.54 ± 0.91, copper 0.21 ± 0.07, manganese 7.8 ± 4.1, selenium 0.76 ± 0.39 and zinc 2.7 ± 0.37. The in vivo CVVHDF transmembrane clearances (ml/min) were chromium 5.4 ± 2.4, copper 0.45 ± 0.33, manganese 1.9 ± 4.6, selenium 1.6 ± 1.2, and zinc 4.0 ± 1.3.
Conclusion. ICP–MS assays detected the five trace elements in the effluent of CVVHDF patients. Trace element CVVHD transmembrane clearance estimates for our in vitro model were supported by the in vivo CVVHDF findings. Calculated daily trace element loss attributed to CVVHD and CVVHDF with dialysate flow rates of 33.3 ml/min is less than what is provided in a daily dose of a trace element supplementation product.
Keywords: continuous dialysis; continuous renal replacement therapy; critically ill; haemodiafiltration; nutrition; trace elements
Received for publication: 22.12.06
Accepted in revised form: 8. 5.07
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