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Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007 22(Supplement 3):iii20-iii26; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm017
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© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

OPTA: Optimal treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)

W. H. Hörl, Y. Vanrenterghem, P. Aljama, P. Brunet, R. Brunkhorst, L. Gesualdo, I. Macdougall, C. Wanner and B. Wikström

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Introduction
 
Anaemia is an early complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The optimal treatment of anaemia in patients with CKD is of increasing importance, since early and adequate treatment of anaemia may have a positive impact or morbidity and mortality in this patient population. A timely start of anaemia treatment is only partly realized due to different reasons:

  • In the early stages of CKD, anaemia is non-symptomatic. Patients adapt to a certain level and to further declining haemoglobin (Hb) levels.
  • The fact that modest decrements in renal function already lead to a decrease in Hb levels is underestimated, especially outside the nephrology field, e.g. patients with diabetes [1].
  • In many European countries, patients with CKD are managed by non-nephrologists who are not treating or are not allowed to treat mild anaemia. The referral to nephrologists is late, often too late.
  • Even under the care of nephrologists, many patients start . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Epidemiology and definitions
 


   Impact of anaemia in CKD patients
 


   Patient categorization within stages of CKD
 
Rationale for recommendations
Treatment of anaemia in CKD patients
Parameters and conditions that need to be monitored in anaemic CKD patients
Major and minor treatment-influencing factors
Management of major treatment-influencing factors
Iron
Inflammation and infection
Effects of ESA therapy at a cellular level
ESA stimulates angiogenesis
In vivo pleiotropic renoprotective actions of ESA
Other erythropoietin analogues


   Recommendation
 


   Recommendations
 


   Recommendations
 


   Perspectives
 

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