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Nephrol Dial Transplant (2004) 19: 631-636
Nephrol Dial Transplant Vol. 19 No. 3 (c) ERA-EDTA 2004; all rights reserved

Original Article

Increased levels of N{epsilon}-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N{epsilon}-(carboxyethyl)lysine in type 1 diabetic patients with impaired renal function: correlation with markers of endothelial dysfunction

Mariska L. M. Lieuw-A-Fa1,3, Victor W. M. van Hinsbergh1,3,6, Tom Teerlink2, Rob Barto4, Jos Twisk3,5, Coen D. A. Stehouwer3,4 and Casper G. Schalkwijk2,3

1Department of Physiology, 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, 3Institute of Cardiovascular Research, 4Department of Internal Medicine and 5Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam and 6Gaubius Laboratory TNO-PG, Leiden, The Netherlands

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr C. G. Schalkwijk, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 Mbyte Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Email: C.Schalkwijk{at}vumc.nl

Background. Diabetic and non-diabetic patients with renal failure have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, which may be the result of uraemic toxins, including advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of well-characterized AGEs, N{epsilon}-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N{epsilon}-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) in relation to kidney function and to study the relationship of these AGEs to endothelial function and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients.

Methods. Plasma levels of CML and CEL were measured in 60 type 1 diabetic patients categorized as having normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (>80 ml/min, n = 31) or decreased GFR (<80 ml/min, n = 29) as estimated by the Cockcroft–Gault formula. To assess the relationship of these AGEs to endothelial function and inflammation, markers of endothelial function von Willebrand factor (vWf), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), tissue type-specific plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammatory activity, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results. Plasma levels of CML and CEL were increased in diabetic patients with decreased GFR as compared with patients with normal GFR [CML 4.9 (2–12.6) vs 2.9 (1.7–4.4) µmol/l, P<0.000; and CEL 1.7 (0.9–3.3) vs 1.2 (1.7–4.4) µmol/l, P = 0.004, respectively). Independently of the GFR, the plasma levels of CML and CEL were significantly associated with sVCAM-1, vWf and sTM.

Conclusions. Plasma levels of CML and CEL rise with deterioration of GFR. Furthermore, CML and CEL levels are associated with markers of endothelial activation independently of renal function. This suggests an involvement of these AGEs in the acceleration of cardiovascular complications in patients with renal impairment.

Keywords: advanced glycation end-products; endothelial markers; renal impairment


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