Skip Navigation


NDT Advance Access originally published online on May 25, 2007
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007 22(9):2525-2530; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm237
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
22/9/2525    most recent
gfm237v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Related articles in NDT
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (6)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ardissino, G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ardissino, G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

No clear evidence of ACEi efficacy on the progression of chronic kidney disease in children with hypodysplastic nephropathy—report from the ItalKid Project database

Gianluigi Ardissino1, Sara Viganò1, Sara Testa1, Valeria Daccò1, Fabio Paglialonga1, Antonio Leoni1, Mirco Belingheri1, Luigi Avolio2, Antonio Ciofani3, Aldo Claris-Appiani1, Daniele Cusi1, Alberto Edefonti1, Anita Ammenti4, Milva Cecconi5, Carmelo Fede6, Luciana Ghio1, Angela La Manna7, Silvio Maringhini8, Teresa Papalia9, Ivana Pela10, Lorena Pisanello11, Ilse Maria Ratsch12 on behalf of the ItalKid Project

1Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Milan, 2Division of Pediatric Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, 3Division of Nephrology, Ospedale Civile ‘S. Spirito’, Pescara, 4Department of Pediatrics, Parma, 5Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children Hospital ‘G.Salesi’ Ancona, 6Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Policlinico ‘G. Martino’, Messina, 7Department of Pediatrics, Second University, Naples, 8Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, ‘Di Cristina’ Children Hospital, Palermo, 9Department of Nephrology, ‘Annunziata’ Hospital, Cosenza, 10Department of Pediatrics, ‘Meyer’ Children Hospital, Firenze, 11Department of Pediatrics, Padova and 12Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children Hospital ‘G.Salesi’,Ancona, Italy

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Gianluigi Ardissino,Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation,Department of Pediatrics,Via Commenda 9,I-20122 Milano, Italy. Email: italkid{at}italkid.org



   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Background. Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) tend to progress to end-stage renal failure (ESRF). As it has been demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) have a renoprotective effect in adults with proteinuric disease and may be effective in reducing hyperfiltration and proteinuria, they are also frequently used as anti-progression agents in paediatric patients with CKD despite the lack of data confirming their role in the nephropathies peculiar to children. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with hypodysplastic CKD (the most common cause of ESRF in children) treated with ACEi show a significantly slower decline in creatinine clearance (Ccr).

Methods. The analysis was based on the information available in the database of the ItalKid Project, a nationwide, population-based registry of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) in children in Italy. Of the 822 patients with CRI due to hypodysplasia, we selected those who had been continuously treated with ACEi; the control patients were identified from the same diagnostic group and matched for gender, age and baseline Ccr.

Results. Progression was analysed as the slope of Ccr in a total of 164 patients: 41 cases and 123 matched controls. There were no significant between-group differences in blood pressure, duration of follow-up or pre-study slope of Ccr (–0.31 ± 2.26 vs – 0.33 ± 3.58 ml/min/1.73m2/year; P = NS). After an average of 4.9 ± 2.3 years, the mean slope of Ccr was 40% lower in the ACEi-treated cases in comparison to controls (–1.08 ± 2.08 vs – 1.80 ± 4.42 ml/min/1.73 m2/year), however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.31).

Conclusions. We conclude that ACEi treatment does not significantly modify the naturally progressive course of hypodysplastic nephropathy in children and further studies are necessary before such treatment is routinely proposed for anti-progression purposes in children with CKD.

Keywords: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; chronic kidney diseases; paediatric nephrology; progression



   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Patients and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
A number of experimental studies have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting inhibitors (ACEi) delay the progression of renal disease in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), but this renoprotective effect was found in adult patients with mainly diabetic [1] and non-diabetic [2–7] glomerular nephropathies. It is not clear whether and to what extent it is mediated by the anti-proteinuric or anti-hypertensive (systemic or intraglomerular) properties of ACEi, or by an intrinsic (anti-fibrogenic) effect, or by all three mechanisms.

The accumulating evidence of the beneficial effect of ACEi in adults has generated considerable expectations concerning the possibility of delaying the progression of CRI in children and this has been followed by their generalized paediatric use. However, the diseases responsible for chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in children are very different from those found in adults: in particular, glomerular diseases are uncommon causes of CKD (6%), whereas primarily non-proteinuric diseases such as hypodysplasia, with or without urological abnormalities account for as many as 57% of cases [8]. On the basis of these epidemiological premises, the efficacy of ACEi on the progression of CRI in children is questionable. On the other hand, as these diseases are typically associated with a congenital reduction in nephron mass with consequent hyperfiltration, there is certainly a potentially strong rationale for the use of ACEi [9]. Although ACEi are frequently used as anti-hypertensive and anti-proteinuric agents in children too, no single study has assessed their effect on the progressive decline of glomerular filtration rate in this age group, probably because of the low prevalence of the disease and the consequently small series of patients available even in specialized centres.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ACEi as anti-progression agents in children with CKD associated with primarily non-proteinuric diseases using the information available in the large database of a nationwide registry of childhood CRI (the ItalKid Project).



   Patients and methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
The data used in the present study come from the Italian Pediatric Registry of CRI (ItalKid Project), which includes all patients diagnosed as having a creatinine clearance (Ccr) of <90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (calculated according to Schwartz's formula [10]) before the age of 20 years. The general methodology of the ItalKid Project (its organizational structure, reporting procedures and data quality control) has been described in detail elsewhere [8].

As of 1 January 2003, a total of 1352 children had been registered. This study considered 162 patients with CRI due to hypodysplastic nephropathy with or without urological abnormalities (out of a total of 822) who started ACEi treatment during the follow-up (FU) period. After excluding the patients with an age of <2 years (n = 4), a baseline Ccr of <15 ml/min/1.73 m2 (n = 10) and an FU duration on ACEi of <2 years with less than three data points (n = 65), as well as those for whom critical data were incomplete (n = 42), the analysed sample consisted of 41 subjects (33 males). Three patients who had never received ACEi, matched by diagnosis, gender, age and baseline Ccr, were selected as controls for each of the 41 cases (n = 123; 99 males). The primary renal diseases responsible for CRI in the population as a whole were hypodysplasia with associated urological abnormalities (n = 141) [vescicouretheral reflux (n = 89; 24 cases and 65 controls), posterior urethral valves (n = 35; 7 case and 28 controls), other urinary abnormalities (n = 17; 4 cases and 13 controls)] and isolated hypodysplasia (n = 23; 6 cases and 17 controls).

The demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters considered for the analysis were age, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure (BP) and Ccr. BP was analysed for the 30 cases and 74 controls for whom data were available as the gender- and age-specific standard deviation score (SDS) using the reference values of the 1987 Task Force on BP Control in Children [11].

The primary outcome measure was the rate of progression of CRI, which was calculated as the slope of Ccr over time excluding the year in which ACEi treatment was started. To exclude the possibility of a selection bias among the ACEi-treated patients (i.e. the patients showing faster progression may have been more likely to be prescribed ACEi), the pre-study slope of Ccr was calculated in the 24 cases and 66 controls for whom at least three pre-study Ccr determinations were available. The severity of CRI was classified as mild (60–89 ml/min/1.73m2), moderate (30–59 ml/min/1.73m2) or severe (15–30 ml/min/1.73m2) on the basis of the NKF definition [12]. Fast progressors were defined as the patients with a Ccr slope of less than –3 ml/min/1.73 m2/year; slow progressors as those with a Ccr slope of between –3 and 0 ml/min/1.73 m2/year; and non-progressors as those who showed no loss or a gain in Ccr during the FU [13].

Statistical analysis
Unless otherwise specified, the data are expressed as mean values ±SD. The contingency table was analysed using the {chi}2 test. The between-group differences were assessed by means of the Student's t-test for unpaired data. The within-group comparisons of baseline data with the data after 1 year and during FU were made using the Student's t- test for paired data or ANOVA as applicable. The BP indicated as FU BP is the mean of the values recorded during the observation period, with the exclusion of the first two measurements (baseline and 1 year). The Ccr slope of each patient was calculated using all of the available Ccr determinations for the corresponding period. The FU considered for the analysis of progression in the cases and controls excluded the first year of observation (during which ACEi treatment was started in the cases). A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.



   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
The baseline clinical and laboratory parameters of the study population are shown in (Table 1). There were no differences between the cases and controls in terms of the length of FU, age, Ccr or arterial BP, nor in terms of gender or primary nephropathy distributions. In particular, 7.3% of the cases and 11.4% of the controls were hypertensive (systolic and/or diastolic BP >95th centile for gender and age). Thirteen patients (3 cases and 10 controls) were treated with an anti-hypertensive drug other than an ACEi (a calcium or ß- blocker) during the study period.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients treated with ACEi and controls

 
The pre-study Ccr calculated over a mean FU of 4.6 ± 2.4 years (average of 4.9 data points per patient) was not significantly different between the cases and controls: –0.31 ± 2.26 vs – 0.33 ± 3.58 ml/min/1.73 m2/year.

One year after baseline, the decline in Ccr was significant in the ACEi-treated group (from 50.9 ± 16.0 to 47.9 ± 17.9 ml/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.005), but not in the control group (from 51.2 ± 16.5 to 49.9 ± 18.3 ml/min/1.73 m2; P = NS). The ACEi-treated group but not the controls showed a significant decrease in systolic arterial BP after 1 year and during FU (Figure 1A), and in diastolic BP only during FU (Figure 1B).


Figure 1
View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Fig. 1. Systolic (A) and diastolic (B) blood pressure (as SDS) at baseline, after one year and during follow-up in ACEi and controls (data available for 30 cases and 60 controls).

 
At the end of the FU period (with an average of 5.1 data points per patient), there was no significant difference in the Ccr slope (excluding the first year) between the cases and controls: –1.08 ± 2.08 vs – 1.80 ± 4.42 ml/min/1.73 m2/year (Figures 2 and 3). The same was true when the analysis was restricted to the 22 cases with more than 5 years FU and their matched controls (n = 66): –1.20 ± 1.37 vs – 2.10 ± 4.66 ml/min/1.73 m2/year.


Figure 2
View larger version (45K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Fig. 2. Creatinine clearance prior to and after study beginning (time 0) in individual patients treated with ACEi and control.

 

Figure 3
View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Fig. 3. Comparison of the slope of creatinine clearance between patients treated with ACEi and controls.

 
Analysis of the contingency table by treatment type (ACEi and controls) and disease progression (fast progressors, slow progressors and non-progressors as defined in Methods section) did not reveal any significant distribution in favour of ACEi efficacy (Table 2). Furthermore, when the cases and controls were divided into three groups on the basis of the initial severity of renal impairment (Table 3) the corresponding Ccr slope was never significantly different between the cases and controls although it was systematically steeper in the latter.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. Distribution of patients treated with ACEi and controls by progression rate during follow-up

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3. Slope of Ccr over time by initial level of Ccr in patients treated with ACEi and controls

 


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Discussion
Acknowledgements
 References
 
The results of our study suggest that ACEi treatment does not significantly delay the progressive decline in renal function of paediatric patients with hypodysplastic nephropathy, the most common cause of CRI in children [8]. Our analysis has a number of important limitations, but it may be useful because of the absence of results from clinical trials regarding the effect of ACEi treatment on glomerular filtration rate in children with CKD (while waiting for the results of the ongoing ESCAPE trial).

Experimental data have demonstrated the efficacy of ACEi in reducing the progressive loss of renal function, but clinical trials supporting this finding are still limited to adult nephropathies [1–7] and it is well known that adult CKDs have very different etiologies, clinical courses and outcomes than those peculiar to children. The studies of the effects of ACEi in adults have mainly concentrated on glomerular and highly proteinuric, acquired nephropathies, whereas childhood CKDs are commonly due to congenital nephropathies [8], more often show tubulo-interstitial involvement (hypodysplasia with or without urological malformations account for almost 2/3 of cases) and are frequently characterized by little or no proteinuria [14]. As ACEi tend to be more effective in highly proteinuric adult patients [15], it is perhaps not surprising that ACEi-treated children with low proteinuric CKD do not show a significant improvement in terms of disease progression.

It is also important to underline that hypertension is an important and common feature of adult CKD and, together with proteinuria, has been identified as a major contributor to progressive kidney damage [16]. In children, hypodysplastic nephropathies are often associated with salt-losing syndrome and normal or even low BP [17] and, when present, hypertension only develops during the most advanced stages of CRI. The overall prevalence of hypertension in our study population was as low as 10% (perhaps partially because of the exclusion of patients with Ccr of <15 ml/min).

These differences between adult and paediatric CKDs (primary causes, proteinuria levels and the prevalence of hypertension) may explain why we found ACEi to be ineffective in children.

While reporting the results, we feel it is important to discuss the many limitations of our study. First of all, as the study was not prospective and randomized, it could be suspected that the patients receiving ACEi were prescribed them precisely because their disease was more rapidly progressive (selection bias); however, given the identical pre-study Ccr slopes in the cases and controls (Table 1), this concern does not seem relevant. Secondly, our database lacks details concerning drug types and dosages and the patients’ treatment compliance cannot be investigated. However, the significant decrease in Ccr during the first year of FU (functional effect of ACEi) and the decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP (Figure 1) not observed in the controls, provides indirect evidence that the cases were actually receiving effective ACEi treatment.

A third weak point of the present analysis is related to the fact that the ItalKid Project only records data on an annual basis, and so the calculation of the slope of Ccr relies on limited observations. However, in our opinion, the average 5-year FU was sufficiently long to ensure the reliability of the results, which is further supported by the fact that the same finding of no significant ACEi efficacy was confirmed when the analysis was restricted to the patients with an FU of more than 5 years. Just in order to count upon a fairly long mean observation period, a high number of patients had to be excluded (65 out of 162) because of a too short period in ACEi. A significant increase in the prescription of ACEi by Italian paediatric nephrologists had taken place in the year 2000 [18] and by the time of the present analysis a substantial number of patients had just started the treatment.

Another major limitation is the lack of information concerning proteinuria, which was not systematically reported to the ItalKid database. As a consequence, it was not feasible to test the possibility that the patients with higher proteinuria levels may have benefited from ACEi treatment. It is well known that ACEi reduce urinary protein excretion in children with hypodysplastic nephropathy [19–20] but, although often done in the case of adult nephropathies [21], the use of proteinuria as a surrogate marker of disease progression may be misleading because the ultimate target of anti-progression treatment should be to stabilize the glomerular filtration rate rather than merely reduce urinary protein excretion. Particularly in the case of CKDs characterized by low proteinuria levels, the loss of urinary proteins may be an effect rather than the cause of disease progression, and any intervention on the effect may well not lead to any benefit on the cause.

The negative findings of the present study can be theoretically explained by the poor sensitivity of the methodology used, which may have been incapable of detecting a marginal efficacy of ACEi. Our study population clearly showed a slow progression rate (a mean loss of Ccr of <2 ml/min/1.73 m2/year) and this may make detecting efficacy more difficult than in the case of a faster decline in renal function. It seems important to underline that the slope of Ccr over time during the pre-study period becomes substantially steeper during the study period (as much as 6 times steeper) because in the meantime several patients have entered pubertal age (mean age at study end 11.4 years); it has been previously observed that puberty is normally responsible for a faster decline in renal function [8].

In conclusion, the intervention with ACEi failed to provide the expected effect since the mean Ccr at baseline was 50.9 ± 16.0 and 51.2 ± 16.5 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively in treated and untreated patients and became 43.7 ± 21.2 and 44.8 ± 23.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 at the end of the observation period; although the difference in mean slope of Ccr over time (–1.08 vs – 1.80 ml/min/1.73 m2/year) seemed clinically promising, this was not statistically significant. Interestingly, the accumulating evidence of the beneficial effect of ACEi in adult patients with CKD has led paediatric nephrologists to make generalized use of them in children; however, we could not identify any clear evidence of short-term ACEi efficacy in reducing the progressive decline in the renal function of children with hypodisplastic CKD. This suggests that using ACEi for anti-progression purposes in such patients should be still considered an experimental treatment and, as such, its prescription should continue to be subject to essential safety and efficacy surveillance. The scientific paediatric nephrology community should continue to encourage, promote and support well-designed and prospective studies of this important aspect of CKD in children.



   Acknowledgements
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
References
 
The ItalKid Project is supported by a research grant from the ‘Associazione per il Bambino Nefropatico’. We are very thankful to Dr Giuseppe Remuzzi, Dr Piero Ruggenenti and Dr Maria Rosa Caruso of the Department of Nephrology, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo for their important and critical revision of the manuscript. This article was written on behalf of all of the members of the ItalKid Project, whose contribution was essential.

Members of the ItalKid Project

G. Aceto (Bari), M. Adorati (S. Daniele del Friuli), G. Airoldi (Borgomanero), G. Amici (Ancona), A. Ammenti (Parma), B. Andretta (Padova), G. Ardissino (Milano), F. Ardito (Bologna), B. Assael (Verona), L. Avolio (Pavia), S. Bassi (Montichiari), F. Battaglino (Vicenza), R. Bellantuono (Bari), A. Bettinelli (Merate), C. Bigi (Lecco), S. Binda (Varese), C. Bini (Como) D. Bissi (Gallarate), R. Boero (Torino), R. Bonaudo (Torino), A. Bordugo (Pordenone), M. Borzani (Milano), M. Bosio (Milano), A. Bottelli (Varese), G. Bovio (Pavia), A. Bracone (Bra), P. Caione (Roma), G. Capasso (Napoli), M. Capizzi (Milano), C. Carasi (Padova), D. Caringella (Bari), I. Carnera (Siracusa), M. Caruso (Bergamo), D. Cattarelli (Brescia), V. Cecchetti (Milano), M. Cecconi (Ancona), V. Cecinati (Bari), A. Ciofani (Pescara), A. Claris-Appiani (Milano), D. Clerici (Milano), M. Colnaghi (Milano), F. Corona (Milano), A. Corsini (Bentivoglio), R. Costanzo (Ragusa), P. Cussino (Savigliano), M. D’Agostino (Bergamo), V. Daccò (Milano), G. Daidone (Siracusa), R. Dall’Amico (Thiene), L. Dardanelli (Cuneo), R. De Castro (Bologna), V. De Cristofaro (Sondrio), M. De Gennaro (Roma), S. De Pascale (Bergamo), N. De Santo (Napoli), D. Delfino (R. Calabria), C.A. Dell’Agnola (Milano), L. Dertenois (Genova), A. Dessanti (Sassari), A. Di Benedetto (Catania), A. Di Leone (Cosenza), F. Di Lorenzo (Bologna), P. Di Turi (Bologna), A. Edefonti (Milano), W. Erckert (Silandro), A. Fabris (Verona), V. Fanos (Cagliari), C. Fede (Messina), A. Fella (Napoli), R. Ferraro (Scorrano), M.T. Ferrazzano (Anzio), R. Ferré (Breno), A. Ferretti (Napoli), B. Fogazzi (Brescia), P. Formentin (Cittadella), C. Fortini (Ferrara), E. Fossali (Milano), G. Fossati Bellani (Milano), M. Gaido (Torino), R. Galato (Milano), G. Gargano (Modena), V. Georgacopulo (Ferrara), L. Ghio (Milano), R. Giachino (Ivrea), M. Giani (Milano), M. Giannatasio (Putigliano), S. Gianni (Siracusa), B. Gianoglio (Torino), M. Giordano (Bari), V. Goj (Milano), F. Grancini (Milano), G. Grott (Chieri), S. Guez (Milano), R. Gusmano (Genova), A. Iovino (Napoli), C. Isimbaldi (Lecco), A. La Manna (Napoli), G. Lama (Napoli), R. Landoni (Cinisello B.), A. Lavacchini (Rimini), A. Liardo (Caltagirone), M. Lima (Malpigli), P. Lippi (Treviglio), S. Li Volti (Catania), V. Lotti (Cesena), R. Lubrano (Roma), I. Luongo (Napoli), S. Maffei (Perugina), P. Maiorca (Brescia), E. Mancini (Bologna), N. Manganaro (Messina), C. Manno (Bari), M. Marangella (Torino), C. Marchesoni (Trento), K. Marenzi (Segrate), S. Maringhini (Palermo), G. Marra (Milano), E. Marras (Torino), A. Martina (Padova), V. Mei (Bologna), F. Menni (Milano), N. Miglietti (Brescia), R. Mignani (Rimini), P. Minelli (Bologna), R. Moioli (Milano), P. Molinari (Bologna), G. Montini (Padova), M. Montis (Cagliari), F. Mosca (Milano), G. Mosiello (Roma), L. Murer (Padova), G. Nebbia (Milano), M. Neunhauserer (Brunico), P. Nitsch (Parma), M. Noto (Palermo), C. Oppezzo (Milano), F. Paolillo (Lodi), T. Papalia (Cosenza), R. Parini (Milano), L. Parola (Magenta), F. Passione (Foggia), G. Paterlini (Monza), L. Pavanello (Castelfranco V.), C. Pecoraro (Napoli), M. Pedron (Bolzano), I. Pela (Firenze), A. Pellegatta (Busto Arsizio), P. Pelliccia (Chieti), M. Pennesi (Trieste), C. Pennetta (Manduria), R. Penza (Bari), L. Peratoner (Pordenone), F. Perfumo (Genova), G. Perino (Torino), C. Pesce (Vicenza), L. Pisanello (Padova), M. Pitter (Mirano), L. Pontesilli (Roma), M. Porcellini (Torino), M. Postorino (Reggio Cal.), A. Pota (Napoli), M. Pozzi (Lecco), R. Prandini (Bologna), F. Puteo (Bari), I. Ratsch (Ancona), E. Ravaioli (Rimini), G. Remuzzi (Bergamo), G. Riccipetitoni (Cosenza), G. Ripanti (Pesaro), N. Roberto (Milano), A. Rosini (Ancona), M. Rossi Doria (Bologna), S. Rota (Bergamo), M. Ruzza (Milano), D. Scorrano (Belluno), A. Selicorni (Milano), G. Selvaggio (Milano), F. Sereni (Milano), O. Sernia (Savigliano), A. Sessa (Vimercate), C. Setzu (Cagliari), L. Stallone (S.Giovanni Rotondo), M. Tagliaferri (Treviglio), L. Tampieri (Lugo), A. Testagrossa (Messina), A. Turrisi (Trapani), G. Vallini (Cinisello Balsamo), E. Verrina (Genova), G. Verzetti (Novara), S. Viola (Pavia), G. Visconti (Palermo), A. Voghenzi (Ferrara) and G. Zacchello (Padova).

Scientific Committee: Gianluigi Ardissino, Luigi Avolio, Antonio Ciofani, Aldo Claris-Appiani, Giovanni Montini, Carmine Pecoraro, Emanuela Taioli and Enrico Verrina.

Executive Board: Gianluigi Ardissino, Mirco Belingheri, Valeria Daccò, Antonio Leoni, Silvana Loi, Fabio Paglialonga, Sara Testa and Sara Viganò.

Conflict of interest statement. None declared.



   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Acknowledgements
 References
 

  1. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker L. Bain RP for the Collaborative Study Group. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Eng J Med (1993) 329:1456–1462.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. The GISEN Group. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet (1997) 349:1857–1863.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  3. Maschio G, Alberti D, Locatelli F, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and kidney protection: the AIPRI trial. The ACE Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency (AIPRI) Study Group. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol (1999) 33:S16–S20. Discussion S41–S43.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  4. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med (2001) 135:73–87.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Cinotti GA, Zucchelli PC. Collaborative Study Group. Effect of Lisinopril on the progression of renal insufficiency in mild proteinuric non-diabetic nephropathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2001) 16:961–966.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perico N. Chronic Renal Diseases: renoprotective benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Annals Int Med (2002) 136:604–615.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Brenner BM, Zagrobelny JA. Clinical renoprotective trials involving angiotensin II-receptor antagonists and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Kidney Int (2003) 67:S77–S85.
  8. Ardissino G, Dacco V, Testa S, et al. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from ItalKid Project. Pediatrics (2003) 111:382–387.[CrossRef]
  9. Praga M, Hernandez E, Montoyo C, et al. Long-term beneficial effect of ACE inhibition in patients with nephrotic proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis (1992) 20:240–248.[Web of Science][Medline]
  10. Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelman CM, et al. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics (1976) 58:259–263.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children. Report of the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children-1987, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Pediatrics (1987) 79:1–25.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Eknoyan G, Levin NW. NKF K/DOQI: Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis (2000) 35:S1–S140.[Web of Science][Medline]
  13. Wingon AM, Fabian-Bach C, Schaefer F, et al. Randomised multicentre study of low-protein diet on the progression of Chronic Renal Failure in children. European study Group of Nutritional treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in childhood. Lancet (1997) 349:1117–1123.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  14. Ardissino G, Testa S, Daccò V, et al. Proteinuria as a predictor of disease progression in children with hypodysplastic nephropathy. Data from the ItalKid Project. Pediatr Nephrol (2004) 19:172–177.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  15. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Mosconi L, et al. Proteinuria predicts end-stage renal failure in non-diabetic chronic nephropathies. The ‘Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia’ (GISEN). Kidney Int (1997) S63:S54–S57.
  16. Brazy PC, Stead WW, Fitzwilliam JF. Progression of renal insufficiency: role of blood pressure. Kidney Int (1989) 35:670–674.[Web of Science][Medline]
  17. Mitsnefes M, Ho PL, Mcenery PT. Hypertension and progression of chronic renal insufficiency in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). J Am Soc Nephrol (2003) 14:2618–2622.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Bianchetti MG, Ammenti A, Avolio L, et al. Italkid Project; CHIld Project. Prescription of drugs blocking the renin-angiotensin system in Italian children. Pediatr Nephrol (2007) 22(Suppl 1):144–148.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  19. Seeman T, Dusek J, Vondrak K, et al. Ramipril in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria in children with chronic kidney diseases. Am J Hypertens (2004) 17:415–420.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  20. Wuhl E, Mehls O, Schaefer F, the ESCAPE Trial Group. Antihypertensive and antiproteinuric efficacy of ramipril in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int (2004) 66:768–776.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  21. Praga M. Slowing the progression of renal failure. Kidney Int (2002) 61:S18–S22.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
Received for publication: 23. 8.06
Accepted in revised form: 28. 3.07


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?

Related articles in NDT:

In this issue ...

NDT 2007 22: i. [Extract] [FREE Full Text]  



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 CJASNHome page
C. S. Wong, C. B. Pierce, S. R. Cole, B. A. Warady, R. H.K. Mak, N. M. Benador, F. Kaskel, S. L. Furth, G. J. Schwartz, and on behalf of the CKiD investigators
Association of Proteinuria with Race, Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease, and Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 812 - 819.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
C. M. Soares, J. S. S. Diniz, E. M. Lima, G. R. Oliveira, M. R. Canhestro, E. A. Colosimo, A. C. S. e Silva, and E. A. Oliveira
Predictive factors of progression to chronic kidney disease stage 5 in a predialysis interdisciplinary programme
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 848 - 855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
22/9/2525    most recent
gfm237v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Related articles in NDT
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (6)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ardissino, G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ardissino, G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?