NDT Advance Access originally published online on June 28, 2005
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005 20(9):2009; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh917
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Nutcracker phenomenon or nutcracker syndrome?
Sir,Chang et al. [1] describe a young patient in whom a nutcracker syndrome was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Patients with nutcracker phenomenon are usually young and slim, and the diagnosis can be made by ultrasound. There are established criteria for the diagnosis of the entrapment of the left renal vein by two-dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler sonography [2,3].
Nutcracker phenomenon, an entrapment of the left renal vein usually in the fork between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, was first described by de Schepper in 1972 [4]. Differentiation should be made between an asymptomatic dilatation of the left renal vein (‘nutcracker phenomenon’) and the ‘nutcracker syndrome’ presenting with gross or microscopic haematuria, orthostatic proteinuria, varicocele and hypertension. The nutcracker syndrome is said to be an underdiagnosed cause of haematuria [5]. In 52 children with microscopic haematuria, one-third fulfilled the ultrasonographic criteria for nutcracker phenomenon [2]. However, when the left rein vein is routinely examined by ultrasound and/or duplex, the nutcracker phenomenon is quite frequently seen and nutcracker syndrome might become an overdiagnosed entity, with the danger that the real causes of haematuria are not recognized. We have seen a 12-year-old girl with microhaematuria. She had a massive dilated left renal vein. Renal biopsy, however, had revealed IgA nephropathy. The nutcracker phenomenon in combination with IgA nephropathy has been described in other cases [6]. Therefore, it seems to be wise not to forget the differential diagnosis if a dilated left renal vein is seen in a patient with haematuria or (orthostatic) proteinuria.
Conflict of interest statement. None declared.
Internistisch-nephrologische Gemeinschaftspraxis und KfH-Nierenzentrum D-93059 Regensburg Germany Email: Robert.Liebl{at}kfh-dialyse.de
References
- Chang CT, Hung CC, Hg KK, Yen TH. Nutcracker syndrome and left unilateral haematuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 460–461
[Free Full Text] - Okada M, Tsuzuki K, Ito S. Diagnosis of the nutcracker phenomenon using two-dimensional ultrasonography. Clin Nephrol 1998; 49: 35–40[Medline]
- Cho BS, Choi YM, Kang HH, Park SJ, Lim JW, Yoon TY. Diagnosis of nut-cracker phenomenon using renal Doppler ultrasound in orthostatic proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 1620–1625
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - de Schepper A. Nutcracker phenomenon of the renal vein and venous pathology of the left kidney. J Belge Radiol 1972; 55: 507–511[Web of Science][Medline]
- Hanna HE, Santella RN, Zawada ET Jr, Masterson TE. Nutcracker syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause for hematuria? S D J Med 1997; 50: 429–436[Medline]
- Ozono Y, Harada T, Namie S et al. The ‘nutcracker’ phenomenon in combination with IgA nephropathy. J Int Med Res 1995; 23: 126–131[Medline]
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