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NDT Advance Access originally published online on June 13, 2008
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2008 23(9):2723-2729; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn325
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© The Author [2008]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org


Role of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in sodium homeostasis

Wilhelm Schoner and Georgios Scheiner-Bobis

Institute of Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 100 D-35392 Giessen, Germany

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Wilhelm Schoner, Institute of Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. Tel: +49-641-99-38170; Fax: +49-641-99-38179; E-mail: wilhelm.schoner@vetmed.uni-giessen.de

Keywords: arterial hypertension; cardiomyopathy; endogenous cardiotonic steroids; marinobufagenin; ouabain

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Introduction
 
Consumption of an excess of salt over many years leads to arterial hypertension [1]. This process is accompanied by the activation of a great number of genes involved in the remodelling and hypertrophy of the heart, kidneys and the wall of the arteries. These sodium-induced alterations lead to a higher incidence of stroke, greater stiffness of conduit arteries and enhanced activity of resistance arteries [1–3]. Increased uptake of sodium from the diet may not, in some persons, affect the levels of circulating renin, angiotensin and norepinephrine in blood plasma and increase the urinary secretion of sodium, potassium and calcium [4]. Sodium sensors [5] and natriuretic hormones must be involved in the control of the body's sodium content [6,7]. Defects in this control mechanism induced by an altered gene expression pattern in different organs may explain why excess sodium consumption is . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Mammalian endogenous cardiac steroids have their structural counterparts in plants and amphibians
Biosynthesis of endogenous cardiotonic steroids
Regulation of the release of endogenous cardiotonic steroids to the blood plasma
Why are so many cardiotonic steroids necessary?
The functional pattern of the various endogenous cardiac steroids differs
Ouabain as a blood pressure-raising steroid hormone
Digoxin, a hormone opposing endogenous ouabain?
Marinobufagenin, a natriuretic and pressurizing hormone, is responsible for uraemic cardiomyopathy


   Conclusions
 

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