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NDT Advance Access originally published online on February 24, 2009
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009 24(6):1718-1724; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp068
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org


Update of secondary stroke prevention

Hans-Christoph Diener and Christian Weimar

Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Hans-Christoph Diener; E-mail: hans.diener@uni-due.de

Keywords: anticoagulation; antiplatelet therapy; hypertension; ischaemic stroke; TIA

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Introduction
 
Secondary prevention aims at preventing a stroke after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or a recurrent stroke after a first stroke. About 80–85% of patients survive a first ischaemic stroke [1,2]. Of those, between 8 and 15% suffer a recurrent stroke in the first year. The risk of stroke recurrence is highest in the first few weeks and declines over time [3–5]. The risk of recurrence depends on concomitant vascular diseases (coronary heart disease = CHD, peripheral arterial disease = PAD) and vascular risk factors and can be estimated by risk models [6–8]. Stroke risk after a TIA is highest in the first 3 days [9]. Therefore, immediate evaluation of patients with a stroke or TIA, identification of the pathophysiology and initiation of secondary prevention are of major importance [10]. In the following sections, we will deal with the treatment . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Hypertension
 


   High cholesterol
 


   Diabetes mellitus
 


   Supplementation of vitamins
 
Hormone replacement therapy after menopause


   Antiplatelet therapy
 
Anticoagulation in cerebral ischaemia due to cardiac embolism
Cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO)
Anticoagulation in cerebral ischaemia of non-cardiac origin
Carotid endarterectomy and stenting with balloon angioplasty

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