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NDT Advance Access originally published online on March 8, 2007
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007 22(5):1281-1288; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm077
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© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Novel sources of reactive oxygen species in the human body

Anna Orient1, Ágnes Donkó1, Attila Szabó2, Thomas L. Leto3 and Miklós Geiszt1

1Department of Physiology, 2First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary and 3Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institue of Allergy and Infectious diseases, NIH, Bethesda, USA

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Miklós Geiszt, Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary. Email: geiszt@puskin.sote.hu

Keywords: hydrogen peroxide; NADPH oxidase; Nox; reactive oxygen species; ROS; superoxide

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Introduction
 
There are several sources of reactive oxygen in the human body. Production of superoxide in mitochondria is a by-product of the function of the respiratory chain [1]. The first known example of regulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian cells was through the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. This enzyme complex uses electrons derived from intracellular NADPH to generate superoxide anion, which is further processed to form hydrogen peroxide and other ROS-providing host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens [2]. The essential role of the phagocytic oxidase in host defense is well illustrated by the serious phenotype of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), in which susceptibility to infections develops in the absence of a functional phagocytic oxidase [3].

Non-mitochondrial production of ROS was detected in various cell types, showing that intentional generation of ROS is a . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Structural aspects
 


   Regulation
 


   Expression pattern
 


   Functional aspects
 


   Nox 4, the renal oxidase
 


   Conclusion
 

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