NDT Advance Access originally published online on August 27, 2007
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007 22(12):3381-3390; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm210
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© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Review on uraemic toxins III: recommendations for handling uraemic retention solutes in vitro—towards a standardized approach for research on uraemia
1Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, 2Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, University Hospital Ghent, Gent, Belgium, 3Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, UK, 4Charité (CBF); Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany, 5SAS RD—Néphrologie and Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France, 6Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 7INSERM UMR 608, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, 8Gambro Corporate Research, Hechingen, Germany, 9Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, CDE, IBB, Wilrijk, Belgium, 10INSERM ERI-12, Amiens, France and Division(s) of Clinical Pharmacology and Nephrology, University of Picardie and CHU-Amiens, Amiens, France, 11First Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy, 12University Hospital Reina Sofia, Unidad de Investigacion, Nephrology Service, Cordoba, Spain and 13Division of Nephrology,Department Internal Medicine, Norrlands Universitets Sjukhus, Medicin kliniken-University Hospital, Umea, Sweden
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr Gerald Cohen, Medizinische Universitätsklinik III, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria. Email: gerald.cohen@meduniwien.ac.at
Keywords: basic protocols; in vitro assays; renal failure; uraemic toxins
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Introduction |
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The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to the dysfunction of multiple organs with clinical features constituting the uraemic syndrome and is characterized by a variety of metabolic and enzymatic disturbances. Many different substances, which are normally secreted into the urine by the healthy kidneys, are retained in the body. Those uraemic retention solutes which are the main actors during the development and manifestation of the uraemic syndrome are called uraemic toxins [1]. The identification, characterization and analytical determination of toxins responsible for the adverse biological effects encountered in uraemia and the knowledge of their patho-physiological importance is crucial for future prevention and therapy in patients with CKD stage 5. The information obtained from these analyses will make it possible to evaluate existing therapeutic approaches and to define new prognostic markers for the removal of uraemic toxins and, more importantly, it will allow the design of new
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General methodological aspects |
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Substances
Model systems
Standard experimental approach
Concentrations
Protein binding
Experimental media and controls
Stock solutions
Solubility considerations
Use of pools of substances
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Recommendations for stock solutions |
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Non-peptidic compounds
N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine (#30)
Hippuric acid (#17), hypoxanthine (#20), uracil (#48), uric acid (#50), and xanthine (#52), thymine (#47) and uridine (#51)
Homocysteine (#18)
Melatonin (#27), 2-methoxyresorcinol (#3) and indole-3-acetic acid (#21)
p-Cresol (#35)
Peptides
β2-microglobulin (#57)
Retinol binding protein (RBP) (#75)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Post-translational protein modifications
AGE compounds
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Discussion |
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Controls
Contaminations by lipopolysaccharide
Substances not commercially available
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Conclusions |
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