NDT Advance Access originally published online on June 17, 2006
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006 21(9):2366-2374; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl309
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© The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Editorial Review
Microalbuminuria and chronic kidney disease as risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Hypertension/Clinical Research Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Correspondence and offprint requests to: George L. Bakris, MD, Hypertension/Clinical Research Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 West Van Buren, Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Email: gbakris@earthlink.net
Keywords: cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; macroalbuminuria; microalbuminuria
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
The earlier observations on the association between renal failure and increased rates for cardiovascular (CV) complications and death date back several decades [1,2]. Similarly, it has long been noted that subclinical elevations of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) are related to higher risk of subsequent development of clinical nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus [3,4], and that increased UAE was associated with higher risk for CV events and mortality in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals [4–7]. Since then, a substantial amount of data have accumulated, providing solid evidence that both the decline in renal function and the elevation in UAE are independently associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This article reviews the roles of microalbuminuria (MA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) as risk factors for CVD, discussing the progress of the epidemiological and clinical evidence on the field.
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Definitions of microalbuminuria and chronic kidney disease |
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In
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Prevalence and natural course of microalbuminuria and chronic kidney disease |
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Measurement of urinary albumin excretion and renal function |
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Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease |
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Microalbuminuria and the risk for cardiovascular outcomes
Microalbuminuria as a marker of target organ damage and disease severity
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Chronic kidney disease as cardiovascular risk factor |
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Conclusions |
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