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NDT Advance Access originally published online on July 22, 2006
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006 21(11):3031-3037; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl373
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© The Author [2006]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Does urinary tract infection cause proteinuria or microalbuminuria? A systematic review

Joanne L. Carter1, Charles R. V. Tomson3, Paul E. Stevens2 and Edmund J. Lamb1

1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, 2Department of Renal Medicine, East Kent Hospitals NHS Trust, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK and 3Department of Renal Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr Edmund Lamb, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, East Kent Hospitals NHS Trust, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Kent, UK, CT1 3NG. Email: edmund.lamb@ekht.nhs.uk

Keywords: albuminuria; cystitis; proteinuria; pyelonephritis; tubular proteinuria; urinary tract infection

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Introduction
 
Proteinuria, the presence of increased quantities of protein in the urine [1,2] can be detected by a variety of methods [3] including reagent-strip tests (e.g. AlbustixTM), which can be used in a point-of-care testing environment, and chemical tests available in the laboratory. Highly specific immunoassays for specific proteins including albumin are also used. Screening for proteinuria has diagnostic value in the initial detection and confirmation of proteinuric renal disease. Proteinuria is also an important predictor of progressive kidney damage [4] and a potent independent cardiovascular risk marker and predictor [5]. Among patients with suspected or proven chronic kidney disease (CKD), including diabetic nephropathy, reflux nephropathy and early glomerulonephritis, urinalysis for proteinuria is accepted as a useful way of identifying patients at risk of progressive kidney disease. Urinalysis for proteinuria is recommended as part of the initial assessment of patients . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Methods and results
 
i. Does asymptomatic UTI cause proteinuria/albuminuria?
ii. Does symptomatic UTI cause proteinuria/albuminuria?
iii. What is the nature of proteinuria in patients with UTI?
iv. Have studies linking UTI and proteinuria taken technical interference including urinary pH into consideration?


   Conclusions
 

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