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NDT Advance Access originally published online on July 12, 2005
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005 20(9):1780-1783; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh927
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© The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Editorial Comment

Cardio-renal failure: an emerging clinical entity

Paloma Gil, Soledad Justo and Carlos Caramelo

Departments of Nephrology and Medicine, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Madrid, Spain

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr Carlos Caramelo, Laboratorio de Nefrologia-Hipertensión, Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma, Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Email: ccaramelo@fjd.es

Keywords: cardio-renal insufficiency; anemia; hidden renal failure; fluid equilibrium; personalized therapy; risk of hyperkalemia

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Background and definition
 
The progressive ageing of the population, the extensive application of cardiac interventional procedures and the improved prognosis of diseases with a so far dismal outcome have generated several predictable corollaries. Of remarkable importance is the rising number of ‘survivors’ who have combined heart and kidney failure [1,2]. More specifically, we do not refer to the severe cardiovascular disease accompanying chronic renal failure, nor to the so-called ‘kidney in heart failure’, a concept which assumes normally functioning kidneys facing a failing heart. Instead, we draw attention to the fragile equilibrium between simultaneously and often seriously compromised renal and cardiac function. Let us define this condition as cardio-renal failure.

By definition, cardio-renal failure is more than renal failure and more than heart failure (HF) alone; therefore, its management may require strategies different from those for the two entities considered separately. The view presented herein is based on traditional . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Epidemiology
 


   Pathophysiological considerations
 


   Management
 


   Particular therapeutic issues
 


   Cardio-renal failure, aldosterone blockade and hyperkalaemia
 


   Three relevant therapeutic aspects
 


   Conclusion
 

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