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NDT Advance Access originally published online on May 3, 2005
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005 20(6):1029-1031; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh792
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© The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Editorial Comment

Did syphilis truly strike the kidneys this time?

S. van Assen1,2 and S. J. L. Bakker1

1 Department of Internal Medicine and 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands

Correspondence and offprint requests to: S. van Assen, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. Email: s.van.assen@int.umcg.nl

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.



   Introduction
 
The causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases are seldom involved in kidney disease. Only a handful of cases have been described of pyelonephritis or immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in patients with gonococcal infections [1,2]. The most important association is present in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients: HIV-associated nephropathy was diagnosed at autopsy in 12% of HIV-infected black people and in 1% of HIV-infected non-black people [3]. A clear relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and glomerulonephritis has been demonstrated. Cryoglobulinaemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and membranous nephropathy occur in 2.6 and 1.8% of cases, respectively [4]. Hepatitis B virus infection is also associated with glomerulonephritis, but the prevalence is not known. However, it is estimated to be low because of the low endemicity . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Clinical features
 


   Diagnostic pitfalls and solutions
 


   Alternative diagnoses
 


   Conclusion
 

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