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NDT Advance Access originally published online on August 2, 2005
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005 20(10):2054-2059; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfi030
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© The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Hypothesis

Extraosseous calcification in patients with chronic renal failure—no escape?

Johann Braun

KfH-Nierenzentrum, Nürnberg, Germany

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Prof. Dr. Johann Braun, KfH-Nierenzentrum, Rothenburger Str. 300, D-90431 Nürnberg, Germany. Email: Johann.Braun@med4.med.uni-erlangen.de or Johann.Braun@kfh-dialyse.de

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.



   Paradigms
 
Paradigms provide frameworks for thinking about and describing the nature of reality. They allow us to infer causal relationships between observations, make predictions about future developments and, in the field of medicine, devise strategies for achieving therapeutic aims.

Let me begin by following the advice of the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, who stated: ‘To understand the present, you have to understand history, and to understand biology you have to understand evolution, because evolution is the history of biology’. Exactly a century ago, MacCallum described the enlarged parathyroid glands of renal failure patients. Thirty years later, Albright observed the related changes in bone histology now known as osteitis fibrosa. Twenty years of therapeutic trials with vitamin D ended with the remarkable sentence of Stanbury, in a Lancet paper published in 1960: subtotal parathyroidectomy is necessary since ‘therapy with vitamin D cannot be relied on to cause involution of the enlarged and . . . [Full Text of this Article]



   Compartment models
 


   Conclusions
 


   Implications
 


   Generalizations
 

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