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NDT Advance Access originally published online on May 25, 2007
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007 22(9):2497-2503; doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm219
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© The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) and its glucuronide metabolites interact with transport systems responsible for excretion of organic anions in the basolateral membrane of the human kidney

Natascha A. Wolff1, Birgitta C. Burckhardt1, Gerhard Burckhardt1, Michael Oellerich2 and Victor W. Armstrong2

1Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Georg August Universität Göttingen and 2Zentrum Innere Medizin, Abteilung Klinische Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Natascha A. Wolff, Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Str. 12, 58453 Witten, Germany. Email: natascha.wolff{at}uni-wh.de



  Abstract

Background. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active moiety of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil, is widely used in immunosuppressive regimens after kidney, liver or heart transplantation. MPA is metabolized predominantly to the inactive 7-O-glucuronide (MPAG). A minor fraction is converted to the pharmacologically active acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). All compounds ultimately are eliminated via the kidneys. Due to their structures, MPA and its metabolites are candidate substrates for the human organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and 3 (OAT3) as well as for the Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC3).

Methods. Human (h)OAT1, hOAT3 and hNaDC3 were expressed from in vitro synthesized cRNA in collagenase-defolliculated Xenopus laevis oocytes. On day 3 post-injection, measurements were made of (i) substrate-associated currents using MPA and MPAG (only in hNaDC3-expressing oocytes) and (ii) uptake of [3H]p-aminohippurate (hOAT1) or [3H]estrone sulfate (hOAT3) in the absence or presence of either MPA, MPAG or AcMPAG.

Results. In hNaDC3-expressing oocytes at –60 mV, MPA (0.1 mM) as well as MPAG (0.1 mM) induced inward currents that were 17 and 25% of the currents evoked by succinate (1 mM). Vice versa, currents induced by succinate (1 mM) were partially inhibited by MPA and MPAG. hOAT1 and hOAT3 were potently inhibited by MPA (IC50 1.24 and 0.52 µM, respectively). Human OAT3, but not hOAT1, was additionally inhibited by both glucuronide metabolites of MPA in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 15.2 µM for MPAG and 2.88 µM for AcMPAG), consistent with a preference of hOAT3 for more bulky substrates compared with hOAT1.

Conclusions. MPA and its metabolites potently interact with renal organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3, and thereby may interfere with the renal secretion of antiviral drugs, cortisol and other organic anions.

Keywords: glucuronide mycophenolate metabolites; hNaDC3; hOAT1/3; kidney; mycophenolic acid; transport

Received for publication: 6. 7.06
Accepted in revised form: 21. 3.07


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