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Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003) 18: 937-941
© 2003 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association

Elective haemodialysis increases exhaled isoprene

Philipp Lirk1, Florian Bodrogi1, Hartmann Raifer1, Karin Greiner1, Hanno Ulmer2 and Josef Rieder1,

1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and 2 Department of Biostatistics, Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, Austria

Background. Uraemic odour is a characteristic feature of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, few investigations have been carried out into the composition of exhaled air in ESRD patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD). Increases of exhaled isoprene levels by a factor of up to 2.7 following HD have been reported.

Methods. We attempted to confirm these findings in 50 patients undergoing HD using haemophan (n=23) or polysulphone (n=27) dialysis membranes. Parallel evaluation of ambient air, calorie intake, medication and haemodynamic variables was performed. Samples were analysed using proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR–MS).

Results. Significant changes in breath isoprene concentration were observed when comparing patients before [39.14±14.96 parts per billion (ppbv)] and after (63.54±27.59 ppbv) dialysis (P<0.001). The quotient of values before and after dialysis was 1.84 (SD 1.41). No significant differences in isoprene kinetics were found between the use of haemophan and polysulphone membranes. No significant correlations were observed between isoprene quotients and variations in blood pressure during HD, calorie intake, ingestion of lipid-lowering drugs or serum lipid levels.

Conclusions. Isoprene concentration was higher in the exhaled air of patients after HD as compared with values before HD. Large interindividual variability existed in isoprene kinetics. Oxidative stress appears to be an unlikely cause for this rise. An alternative hypothesis is an influence of respiratory variables on isoprene exhalation based upon Henry's law constant. We therefore propose to perform online monitoring of isoprene exhalation by PTR–MS during the HD session to investigate the possible influence of respiratory variables.

Keywords: breath test; haemodialysis; isoprene; proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry; volatile organic compounds

Correspondence and offprint requests to: Josef Rieder MD, Dept of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Email: Josef.Rieder{at}uibk.ac.at


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