Nephrol Dial Transplant (2001) 16: 483-490
© 2001 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association
Apoptosis induced by hypertonicity in Madin Darley canine kidney cells: protective effect of betaine
1 School of Allied Health Sciences, 2 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics and 3 Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan 4 College of Nutrition Koshien University, Momijigaoka, Takarazuka, Japan
Background. In mammals, the renal medulla is in a hypertonic environment related to the renal concentrating mechanism. Renal cells accumulate osmolytes such as betaine to protect cells from the perturbing effect of high concentration of electrolytes. Hypertonicity-induced cell death and the effect of betaine were investigated in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.
Methods. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. DNA fragmentation was determined by FACS analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and agarose gel electrophoresis. Activities of caspase-1, -3, -8, and -9 were measured.
Result. When the cells were exposed to 700 mOsm medium for 24 h, 40% of the cells were detached. TUNEL staining showed that about 20% of detached cells were apoptotic, indicating that both necrosis and apoptosis contributed to the hypertonicity-induced cell death in MDCK cells. DNA laddering was demonstrated in hypertonic cells. Caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities of the adherent cells exposed to 700 mOsm for 24 h increased approximately 20-, 3-, and 4-fold the value of isotonic cells, respectively. However, there was no significant change in caspase-1 activity. Addition of 1 mM betaine into the medium protected the cells against the hypertonicity-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Betaine prevented the induction of caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities after hypertonic exposure to about 50%.
Conclusions. The present study demonstrates that (i) apoptosis is involved in the hypertonicity-induced cell death in MDCK cells; (ii) caspase-3, -8, and -9 may contribute to the apoptosis; and (iii) betaine has protective effect on the hypertonicity-induced apoptosis.
Keywords: apoptosis; betaine; hypertonicity; MDCK cell
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr Masaru Horio, School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Osaka University, 1–7, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan.
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