Nephrol Dial Transplant (1999) 14: 1904-1911
© 1999 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association
Plasma renin and prorenin and renin gene variation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy
1 Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and 2 Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensensvej 2, Gentofte, Denmark
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Jaap Deinum, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Room L253, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Background. The most striking abnormality in the renin–angiotensin system in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is increased plasma prorenin. Renin is thought to be low or normal in DN. In spite of altered (pro)renin regulation the renin gene has not been studied for contribution to the development of DN.
Methods. We studied plasma renin, prorenin, and four polymorphic markers of the renin gene in 199 patients with IDDM and DN, and in 192 normoalbuminuric IDDM controls matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes. Plasma renin and total renin were measured by immunoradiometric assays. Genotyping was PCR-based.
Results. Plasma renin was increased in patients with nephropathy (median (range), 26.3 (5.2–243.3) vs 18.3 (4.2–373.5) µU/ml in the normoalbuminuric group, P<0.0001). Prorenin levels were elevated out of proportion to renin levels in nephropathic patients (789 (88–5481) vs 302 (36–2226) µU/ml, P<0.0001). Proliferative retinopathy had an additive effect on plasma prorenin, but not on renin. DN was associated with a BglI RFLP in the first intron of the renin gene (bb-genotype: n=106 vs 82 in DN and normoalbuminuric patients respectively, P=0.037), but not with three other polymorphisms in the renin gene. A trend for association of higher prorenin levels with the DN-associated allele of this renin polymorphism was observed in a subgroup of patients with DN (bb vs Bb+BB, P=0.07).
Conclusions. The results indicate that in DN there is an increase in both renin and prorenin levels. A renin gene polymorphism may contribute weakly to DN. Although speculative, one of the renin gene alleles could lead to increased renin gene expression, leading to higher renin and prorenin levels. These may play a role in the pathogenesis of DN.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus; nephropathy; polymorphism; prorenin; renin; retinopathy
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